The most common forms include thermal, chemical, electrochemical, and mechanical storage technologies (Rahman et al. Energy storage systems store this excess energy and release it when demand is high or generation is low, helping to smooth supply and prevent blackouts. Beyond grid support, energy storage enables microgrids, electric vehicle infrastructure, and flexible energy use, which makes renewable energy. Battery storage in the power sector was the fastest growing energy technology commercially available in 2023 according to the IEA.